Economic Impact of Mahua (Madhuca longifolia, Ericales, Sapotaceae) and Tendu Leaves (Diospyros melanoxylon, Ericales, Ebenaceae) Collection on Rural Livelihood: A Comprehensive Case Study of Jharkhand

Abstract

The study focuses on the effects of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), namely Mahua flowers and Tendu leaves, on the economic well-being of forest-dwelling tribals in the state of Jharkhand, India. The study relies solely on secondary data from the Department of Forest, Environment & Climate Change, Government of Jharkhand, the “Survey of Important Non-Timber Forest Products and Estimation of Productivity and Production in Jharkhand” report, and the Jharkhand State Forest Development Corporation’s website. Secondary data analysis suggests that NTFP collection is an important economic asset, contributing to rural household annual cash income (20% to 50% estimates) and serving as an important safety net in agricultural lean seasons. Tendu leaf trade generates an impressive revenue stream for the state, with annual revenue of ₹12,000 lakh in the 2016-2017 financial year. However, that revenue stream is often unstable from year to year, and the percentage of incentives that primary collectors receive (i.e., local pickers) has declined in recent years, indicating a potentially inequitable supply chain. About Mahua flower productivity in quantity measured as kg/ha or yield per hectare, it has decreased modestly (762 kg/ha in 2015-16 dropping to 638 kg/ha in 2017-18) and space-based comparisons indicate differences between and within administrative divisions across Jharkhand in tree availability and Tendu revenue, with particular areas, such as Garhwa and Jamtara showing a great deal of potential and others, such as Giridih, being of poorer potential. To enhance livelihood security, the study proposes a shift to a community-centric policy focused on strengthening market linkages, promoting value addition for Mahua, implementing scientifically backed sustainable management practices, and building institutional capacity for collectors.